Pioneering Works of N. S. Kapany in Biomedical Optics :Live Tissue Imaging, Retinal Photocoagulation, and Optical Oximetry

Abstract

Narinder Singh Kapany, considered by many as the father of fibre optics, was one of the first scientists to start the field of fibre-optics with ground-breaking demonstrations of optical fibre-based imaging, sensing, and optical communication systems. Although his seminal works in the area of fibre-optics are well-documented, much less is known about his equally important contributions in the development of biomedical optics. This article highlights Kapany’s ground-breaking innovations in pushing the frontiers of biology and medicine by elaborating three selected examples from his work: (i) fibreoptics hypodermic probe for live-tissue imaging, (ii) photocoagulation of retina, and (iii) optical oximetry of blood. We discuss the basics of these ideas and focus on how Kapany overcame many challenges to demonstrate ready-to-use prototypes from scratch. These innovations form precursors to many modern-day instruments, which are essential for current medical applications. Kapany’s life journey is yet another embodiment of how curiosity-driven research can change the course of human history.